witchprickers

Uric acid stones

It is advisable to eat less meat, fish and poultry,
because the food is causing rising levels of acid
vein in the urine. To reduce the formation of uric acid
can be given allopurinol. Uric acid stones are formed when the acidity
urine increases, so to create an atmosphere of water
urine is alkaline (base), can be given potassium citrate. And so
It is recommended to drink plenty of water.

Prevention
Kidney disease can become chronic diseases and
lethal. Therefore, it is better to find the symptoms since
early and quickly so as not to be overcome disease
prolonged and cause greater losses.

Dialysis and kidney transplant
Generally, a person can live normally with only one kidney.
If both kidneys are not functioning normally, then someone needs to
get a kidney replacement therapy (tpg). This tpg
done either temporary or time constant.

Tpg consists of three, namely:
1. Hemodialysis (Blood Wash). The basic principle of hemodialysis
is cleaning the blood by using the Kidney
Artificial.
2. Peritoneal dialysis (Wash the stomach cavity) While
Peritoneal dialysis using a membrane cavity
(peritoneum) as a filter between the blood and fluid
dialysis.
3. Kidney transplant (transplant). Kidney transplants now
is quite common. Kidney transplant can be done
a “cadaveric” (from someone who has died)
or from donors who are still alive (usually members of
family). There are several advantages for the transplant of
donors are still living, including better compatibility,
donors can be tested thoroughly before transplant
and kidney is likely to have a lifespan longer.

Calcium stone

Most people experience hypercalciuria calcium stone,
where the levels of calcium in the urine is very high.
Thiazid diuretic drugs (eg trichlormetazid) will reduce
The new stone formation. It is advisable to drink plenty of water
White (8-10 glasses / day). Low-calcium diet and consume
cellulose sodium phosphate.

To increase the levels of citrate (inhibitor of stone formation
calcium) in the urine, given potassium citrate. Oxalate levels
High in the urine, which underpins the formation of stone
calcium, is a result of consuming foods rich in oxalate (such as spinach, chocolate, nuts, pepper and tea).

Therefore, the food intake should be reduced.
Sometimes calcium stones are formed due to other diseases, such as
hyperparathyroidism, sarkoidosis, vitamin D intoxication, acidosis
renal tubular or cancer. In this case should be
treatment of these diseases.

Blood circulation to and from the kidney

Kidney as a tool to filter the blood, the kidney is
organ which has blood vessels very much.
Blood into the kidney comes from the abdominal aorta
(large abdominal arteries) which later branched off into
renal arteries (renal arteries) and then enter into
kidney through the renal basin (hilar renal). Renal artery
before entering the kidney is usually branched into 2 (two)
ie one in the anterior (front) and other kidney
posterior (rear). Once entered into dlam kidneys, renal artery
gives off the artery interlobaris, arcuata artery, the artery
interlobularis, afferent arteriole, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, capillary
peritubuler (juxta glomerulare), interlobularis vein, vena arcuata,
interlobularis vein, renal vein.

In the medulla found venulae rectae, where the blood
flowing back into the arcuate veins. These vessels
containing blood that have been filtered in the glomeruli, which
an important role in maintaining interstitial tissue osmolarity high medulla.
Capillaries and the outer cortex of kidney capsules united
form the veins that lead into stelata veins
interlobularis. Veins follow the same way as
artery. Blood from the veins into the interlobularis flow venavena
arcuate, and from here to interlobaris veins. Interlobaris veins which form the renal vein blood and left kidney.

Afferent arterioles
Efferent ateriol wall contains smooth muscle
able to change the lumen diameter, whereas the lumen ateriol
afferents remains constant at the center line, because the smooth muscle cells surrounding a role in secretion rather than the role
contraction. Glometulus the blood capillaries. Glomeruli
contains arterial capillaries

Kidney stones

Kidney stones in the urinary tract (uriner calculus) is the mass
hard like a rock that formed along the urinary tract and
can cause pain, bleeding, blockage of urine flow
or infection.
These stones can form in the kidney (kidney stones) and in the
bladder (bladder stones). This rock formation process
called urolitiasis (litiasis renal nefrolitiasis).

Causes
Stone formation can occur due to urine saturated with
salts that can form stones or urine
lack of inhibiting the formation of a normal stone. Around
80% rock composed of calcium, the remainder contains a variety of materials,
including uric acid, cystine, and minerals struvit. Stone struvit
(a mixture of magnesium, ammonium and phosphate) also called “stone
infection “because this stone is formed only in the urine of
infected. Stone sizes range from who can not be seen
with the naked eye until the size of 2.5 inches or
more. Large stone called “staghorn calculus”. These stones can be
fill almost the entire renal pelvis and renal kalises.

Symptoms
Kidney stones, especially the small size, can not cause
symptoms. The symptoms of kidney stones depends on the location of the stone.
• Stones in the bladder can cause pain in the
lower abdomen.
• Stones that obstruct the ureter, renal pelvis and tubules
renal can cause back pain or renal colic
(great colicky pain).
Renal colic is characterized by severe pain that relapsing-remitting,
usually in the area between the ribs and hip bone, which
spread to the abdomen, pubic area and inner thighs. Symptoms
Another is nausea and vomiting, bloated abdomen, fever,
chills and blood in the urine. Patients may be
frequent urination, especially when the rock through the ureter. Stone can
causing urinary tract infections. If the stones block the flow of
bladder, bacteria will be trapped in the urine collected
above the blockage, so there was an infection. If blockage
This lasted a long time, urine will flow back into the channel in
in the kidney, causing stress that will
inflate kidney (hydronephrosis) and eventually could
kidney damage.

Diagnosis
Stones that do not cause symptoms, may be known
accident on the examination of routine urine analysis (urinalysis).
Stone that causes pain is usually diagnosed based on
symptoms of renal colic, accompanied with the tender in the back
and pain in the groin or pubic area without causing
clear.
Microscopic analysis of urine may reveal blood,
pus or small rock crystal. Usually not necessary
other tests, except if the pain settled more than a few
hours or the diagnosis is not certain.
Additional checks that can help make the diagnosis
is the collection of urine and 24-hour sampling
to assess the blood levels of calcium, cystine, uric acid and materials
others that can lead to stones.
Abdominal x-rays may reveal calcium stones and rocks
struvit. Other tests that may need to do is
urografi intravenous and urografi Retrograde.

Prevention
Drink plenty of fluids will increase spending and
formation of urine that can help remove
few stones; if the stone has been wasted, it is not necessary anymore
done treatment.
Renal colic can be alleviated with pain medication class
narcotics. Stones in the renal pelvis or ureter the top
measuring 1 inch or less often can be solved
by ultrasonic waves (extracorporeal shock wave Lithotripsy,
ESWL). Stone fragments will then be discarded in the urine.
Sometimes a stone removed through a small incision in the skin,
followed by ultrasonic treatment. A small stone in the ureter
the bottom could be appointed to the endoscope is inserted
through the urethra and into the bladder. Uric acid stones
sometimes will dissolve gradually in the atmosphere urine
base (eg by giving potassium citrate), but the stone
others can not overcome in this way. Uric acid stones
larger, which causes blockage, should be appointed
surgically. Stone formation precautions
depending on the composition of the rocks found in the patient.
Stone is analyzed and measured the levels of material
can lead to stones in the urine.

Disease and renal abnormalities

The cause of kidney disease among others, namely:
1. Common diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol
High, lung or tuberculosis, syphilis, malaria, hepatitis, preeclampsia,
vomiting, bleeding, and burns. These can
cause disruption of the kidney.

2. Local disease of the kidney, such disease in the filter
(glomerulus) or glomerulonephritis, infectious germs, the cyst
in the kidney, impact, shock, cancer, malignancy, and obstruction
kidney stones or tumors.

The symptoms of kidney disease can be classified into two groups,
namely:
1. Acute symptoms, such as swollen eyes, a great pain,
pain when urinating, fever, and frequent bowel
small.
2. Chronic symptoms such as weakness, no appetite, nausea, vomiting,
swelling, decreased urination, itching, shortness of breath, and
anemia.

Handling of patients with kidney disease can be done with
steps as follows:
1. Check, diagnosis or early recognition of kidney failure.
2. Control or monitor progression of renal failure.
Detection and correction of the causes of kidney failure are still
can be cured.

Regulation of levels of sodium ions (sodium)

Sodium ion (sodium) is the main electrolytes in the body
continuously expelled through urine and sweat.
Setting levels of sodium ion cells involves the adrenal cortex
(hormone aldosterone) and cells of renal tubules. Sodium ion (Sodium)
the main ions that make up the body’s electrolytes. Sodium
issued continuously through urine and sweat.

Tues specifically found in the kidney blood vessel walls play a role
osmoreceptors role as monitor levels of sodium ions in
blood. If sodium levels fall (osmolarity decreased), then the cells
the issue of changing the enzyme renin
angeiotensin angiotensinogen into angiotensin I and II.
Angiotensin II as a hormone to stimulate the cell cortex play a role
adrenal to synthesize and secrete aldosterone.

Aldosterone stimulates the cells to increase renal tubular
reabsorpi sodium in the urine so that the blood sodium levels returned
balanced (normal).

Very important role of kidneys in maintaining an atmosphere
internally to keep fit for survival in physiological processes
in the cell or the so-called homeostasis (WB Cannon). In
the human body, cells that make up the network in a
environment called the internal environment. Claude Bernard
(the French) is named the internal environment with
melieu term interieur.

Internal environment is none other than the
space between cells. Space between cells is not a room
empty, but the room is filled with fluid, thus
also space in the cell (cytoplasm).
According to Ganong (1991), the composition of our bodies most of the
is a liquid that is approximately 60%.

Fluids, based on the existence (where) can be separated into liquid
extracellular (CES) 20%, and intracellular (CIS) 40%. Liquids
extracellular fluid can be differentiated into interseluler (network)
75%, and plasma and lymph fluid 25%. For example, a person
weight 50 kg, the total body fluids about 30 L. CIS 20 L, 10 L CES, tissue fluid, and 7.5 L 2.5 and palsma fluid lymph.

Electrolyte is a substance that dissolves or decomposes into the form
ions and then the solution becomes electric conductors, ions
atoms are electrically charged. Electrolyte can be water,
acids, bases or other form of chemical compounds. Electrolyte generally
form of acid, alkali or salt. Some specific gas can be
serves as an electrolyte in certain circumstances such as the temperature
high or low pressure. Strong electrolyte acid is identical with,
bases, and salt strong.

Kidney Function

Kidney has 2 (two) main functions are:
1. Filtering the remnants metabolism of blood and fluid
out in the form of urine.
2. Maintaining a balance of water and mineral ions in the blood to
osmotic pressure of body fluids in balance.

Besides kidney also has several other additional functions as
follows:
1. Produces hormones that play a role in erythropoetin
help making red blood cells.
2. Activate vitamin D to maintain blood calcium levels
and bone health.

In accordance with its function, the kidneys occurs in processes
as follows:
1. Excretion
Excretion is the process of filtering and disposal of substances sisasisa
metabolism that is not useful to the body and are toxic.
Therefore, renal excretion is a tool. Substances Eksresi
the remnants of metabolism by the kidneys through the process of formation of water bladder mepiuti: filtration, absorption of return (reabsorsi), and
secretion.

2. Filtration
It is important to understand that the kidney function is
filter so that the blood fluid substances that are not required by
body can be disposed such as metabolic waste. Blood
filtered through the walls of the porous thin epithelium of the glomerulus
and Bowman’s capsule because of pressure from the blood
encourage blood plasma. Barlangsung filtration in the glomerulus,
where the primary urine or blood plasma ultra-filtrate is formed. In
Basically, the kidneys function to filter or clean the blood.
Renal blood flow to approximately 1.2 liters / min or 1700 liters / day.
Blood is filtered into a liquid filtrate of 120 ml / min
or 170 liters / day to the tubules. Liquid filtrate then processed in
in tubular until finally out of the two kidneys into the urine
as much as 1-2 liters / day.

Among the blood in the glomerulus and
fluid-filled space in the Bowman’s capsule there are three layers:
1. capillary endothelium cell layer of the glomerulus
2. rich layer as a membrane protein
3. layer of epithelial cells lining Bowman’s capsule (podosit)
With the help of pressure, fluid blood dalan pushed out of
glomerulus, through the third layer and into the
space in the Bowman’s capsule in the form of the glomerular filtrate.
Filtrate of blood plasma contains no blood cells or molecules
large proteins. Protein in the form of small molecules can
found in this filtrate. Human blood through the kidneys as much as
350 times each day with a rate of 1.2 liters per minute, producing 125
cc glomerular filtrate per minute. Glomerular filtration rate of these
used for diagnostic tests of kidney function.

The resulting filtrate will enter the renal tubular dalan. Blood
which has been filtered through the kidneys will leave the efferent arteries.
Both kidneys produce about 125 ml of filtrate per minute. 125 ml
diabsorsi and released into 1 ml of Calyceal as urine.
Every 24 hours was established about 1500 ml of urine.

Blood flow in both kidneys in adult numbers approximately 1.2 to 1.3 liters per minute, which means that the blood circulating in the body through the kidneys every 4 – 5 minutes.
1. Nephron, especially the proximal tubules kontortus, mereapsorbsi zatzat
in filters, which are beneficial to the body’s metabolism so that
maintaining homeostasis of internal environment. Also
move the remaining results from the blood into the tubular lumen,
issued in the urine. Tubular koligens mengabsorsi water,
that helps concentration of urine. In this way, the organism
control of water balance, fluid and osmotic intersel.
2. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is higher than the pressure
hydrostatic in other capillaries. This pressure about 75 mmHg.
Formed glomerular filtration blood hydrostatic pressure
where the forces against the hydrostatic pressure is:
plasma colloid osmotic pressure (30 mm Hg).
Nephron function as a regulator of water and solutes (mainly
electrolyte) in the body by filtering the blood, then
mereabsorpsi fluids and molecules that the body is still needed.
Molecule and the other liquid is discarded. Reabsorption and
disposal conducted using the exchange mechanism against
current and kotranspor. The final result is then excreted
is called urine.

Kidneys maintain acidity (pH) of blood plasma in the range
7.4 through the exchange of hydronium and hydroxyl ions. As a result, urine
can be produced acid at pH 5 or alkaline at pH 8.

Controlled levels of sodium ions through a process of homeostasis
involving aldosterone to increase the absorption of ions
sodium in the tubules konvulasi.

An increase or decrease in blood osmotic pressure due to excess
or lack of water will be detected by the hypothalamus that
will give a signal to the pituitary gland with feedback negative.

Pituitary gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
to suppress the secretion of water resulting in changes in the level
water absorption in the kidney tubules. As a result the concentration of liquid the network will return to 98%.

Kidneys regulate the chemical composition by filtration, active Absorption, Absorption passive, and secretion. Barlangsung in glomerular filtration, which ultra filtrate of blood plasma is formed. Pasa body nephron, especially
kontortus proximal tubules, mereapsorbsi substances in the filter, which
useful to the body’s metabolism. Thus maintaining
homeostatic internal environment. Also move the rest of the results
from the blood into the tubular lumen, was issued in the urine. Tubular
koligens mengabsorsi water, which helps concentration of urine.
In this way, organisms control water balance, fluid intersel and osmotic.

Both kidneys produce about 125 ml of filtrate per minute. 125 ml
diabsorsi and released into 1 ml of Calyceal as urine.
Every 24 hours was established about 1500 ml of urine.

Blood flow in both kidneys in adult numbers
approximately 1.2 to 1.3 l per minute, which means that the blood circulating
in the body through the kidneys every 4 – 5 minutes.
Glomeruli contain capillaries arterial pressure hidrostatiknya higher than hydrostatic pressure on kapilerkapiler other. This pressure around 75 mm Hg.

Glomerular filtration formed due to the hydrostatic pressure of blood in which the forces against the hydrostatic pressure is:
1. plasma colloid osmotic pressure (30 mm Hg)
2. fluid pressure contained in the nephron tubules (10 mm Hg)
3. parenkin interstitial pressure within the kidney (10 mm Hg), which
working on the boweman capsule forwarded to fluid
kapsuler.
Hydrostatic pressure was 75 mm Hg and the total number of forces
that fight was 50 mm Hg. Style filtration generated approximately 25 mm Hg.

Excretion system

Kidney is a tool for filtering the blood so that sisasisa substances
metabolism that are toxic and can be useless
expelled from the body through urine.

These substances must be removed because it can damage the health. In addition, kidneys also play a role maintaining water balance in the body or
maintain the osmotic pressure of body fluids so that its role is
important in maintaining body condition in order to stay balanced and
dynamic (homeostasis) or the creation of healthy conditions. pee
looks foamy, yellow and smelly, the result
fluid filtration of blood by the kidneys.