Structural and Functional Unit Kidney
Structural and functional unit basis of the formation of kidney
urine are the nephrons (Nephron). Nephron can be divided into
vascular and nephron nephron epithelium. Arteriole of the nephron vessels
afferents, glomerulus, efferent arteriole, and capillary peritubuler.
Nephron epithel the Bowman’s capsule, tubules convulatus
proximal, loop of Henle, distal tubules convulatus, and tubules
collectivus. Each one normal adult human kidney can be
contains 1-4 million units of the nephron. 1 unit each nephron consists of
corpuskula renal proximal tubule kontortus, thin section and
thick loop of Henle and distal tubule kontortus.
Elements nephron is embedded in the basal lamina, followed by the
small amounts of connective tissue organs. A nephron consists
of a component called a filter korpuskula (or Malpighian bodies) and channels (tubules).
1. Glomerulus
The glomerulus is a capillary matting blood vessels, which
is a branch of the afferent arterioles. After entering the body
Renal (kidney corpus) korpuskula renal afferent arterioles are
branched into 2-5 main branches, each of which
branched again into capillary nets. Blood hydrostatic pressure
artery contained in these capillaries. glomelurus regulated
by the efferent arterioles
2. Bowman capsule
Image glomelurus capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule.
Glomerulus serves as a blood filter. Bowman capsule
is a double-walled epithelium. Outer layer of Bowman’s capsule
epithelial layer consists of flattened, and composed of layers in
specialized cells called podosit (foot cells), which were located
including glomerular capillaries. Between these two layers
Bowman capsule formed cavity. Podosit cells, membrane
basalis, and endothelial cells forming capillary layer (membrane)
filtration perforated separating blood contained in the capillary with kapsuler space. Endothelial cells
glomerular capillaries have pores larger cells and more
more than the capillaries in other organs. The filtrate
fluid or blood in the glomerulus is called ultrafiltrat fluids (urine
primary) is accommodated in the cavity next capsule.
3. Korpuskula kidney
Unity between glomelurus with Bowman’s capsule to form
korpuskula renal (also called Malpighian body). Korpuskula
continues to be the renal proximal tubule kontortus. Every
korpuskula rolls contain blood capillaries, called
glomerulus within Bowman’s capsule. Every
glomerular blood flow received from the afferent arteries. Walls
capillaries of the glomerulus have pores for filtration or
screening.
4. Convulatus proximal tubules (TCP)
Convulatus proximal tubule is a long channel
winding start of renal korpuskula continues to be
loop of Henle (loop of Henle). Kontortus proximal tubules
(Scene) usually found in cross-section of the cortex. Scene
limited by the epithelial layer of the cube facing the cell apex
tubular lumen has a lot of brush border mikrofili form.
Brush border microvilli surface part to help reabsorbsi
various substances in liquid ultrafiltrat. In
reabsobsi, apical cytoplasm has many kanakuli cells
comes from the bottom of microvilli. There kanakuli near small vesicles
as a result during pinositosis. Increased surface
cell membrane at the cell base through which the sodium pump is
cell properties that participate in ion transport.
5. Loop of Henle
The loop is shaped like a long channel
letters divided into segments Udapat thin and thick segments.
The loop has a hole wider than TKD because
LH Diding consists of squamous cells with a punch to the core
in the lumen. Thin section is a continuation of the loop
from kontortus proximal tubule, most of the way down
(descenden) and walked into the thick part of (ascenden). Section
resembles the blood thin so difficult kepiler distinguished.
Thick loop of Henle tubular structure with kontortus
distal. Part descenden loop is permiabel
of water and ions, allowing the movement of
free water, Na + and Cl-. While not part ascenden
permiabel to water and very active transports chloride into
insterstitial fluid. Responsible directly to the hipertonisitas
insterstitial spinal fluid region as a result of loss
sodium and chloride. Therefore, the fluid in the tubules of
reaching the distal tubule is hypotonic kontortus.
Straight vessels Vasarekta or spinal area is located
such a way that does not interfere with blood circulation
levels of osmotic pump caused by chloride Curves
Henle and form “countercurrent exchange system”. Arteriolarteriol
and straight veins are vessels that are
a thin wall similar to the capillary walls. Each
straight vessels, one artery and one vein to form curved
that the branches run on the edges. Function
the loop is to regulate levels of blood osmotic and
hypertonic / hypotonic urine.
When you walk through the arterioles straight towards the inside of spinal,
blood loss and a sodium water because in
medulla interstitial fluid gradually becomes more hypertonic. If
blood back in the opposite direction once again he
associated with the same gradient, but now
the slope is reduced and the loss of sodium and a
water. Water is lost in vessels recovered descenden
by ascenden vessels, and sodium that entered the vessel
descenden returned by ascenden vessels.
Function osmotic changes in straight vessels is to
maintain osmotic gradient is still present in
renal medulla. Movement of water and sodium are passively,
take place without using energy.
This nephron segment responsible for the formation of urine
the end of the hypertonic. And only animals with the loop of Henle
their kidneys are capable of producing hypertonic urine.
6. Convulatus distal tubules (TCD)
Kontortus distal tubule which is the terminal nephron. In
kontortus distal tubule, ion exchange occurs. When aldosterone
work, direabsorbsi sodium and potassium ions excreted by
kontortus proximal tubule which is the mechanism
supervision of the total salt and water. Distal tubule also mengsekresi
hydrogen ions and ammonium ions into the tubular urine. Activities
It is important to maintain acid base balance
blood. real role for urine concentration. Urine
left distal tubular kontortus almost always isotonic.
7. Jukstaglomerulus apparatus
Close to the body kidney, tunica media experience ateriol afferent
modification and consists of cells that have a shape like
epiteloid cells, not as a rule smooth muscle arterioles.
There are cells called cells that jukstaglomelurus
have a core like a cigarette and a dark cytoplasm
filled with granules. Jukstaglomelurus cells function
produce the enzyme renin. Renin changing role of protein
plasma called angiotensinogen into angiotensin I.
This substance as a result of work ‘converting enzyme’ that allegedly
found in the lungs, when the loss of two amino acids
turned into okta peptide called angiotensin II. Effect
main physiology of angiotensin II is to increase the secretion
hormone aldosterone by the adrenal cortex. Sodium deficiency
stimulate spending that will accelerate the renin secretion
aldosterone. As a result of reabsorption of sodium ions can
inhibit renin excretion. Excess sodium in the blood will
suppress renin secretion resulting in inhibition
the formation of aldosterone which will increase the concentration
urinary sodium. So jukstaglomelurus apparatus has a role
homeostatic balance in overseeing Sodium ion (Na).
8. Koligens tubules (tubules collectivus)
Urine running from the distal tubule to tubule kontortus the koligens
if united to form a straight line greater
Bellini duct called papillary muscles. Koligens a tubular element
primary spinal walking straight. Tubular smaller koligens
limited by epithelial cabbage, while the diameter of the duct koligens
composed of cells of light-colored. A large tubular
tubular smaller koligens originating respectively
Medullary rays were mutually perpendicular in touch
starting at the distal tubule but what is important in the tubules koligens
is a mechanism that depends on the antidiuretic hormone
(ADH) for final concentration or dilution of urine. Walls
distal tubules and tubular koligens very easily penetrated by water if
there are large amounts of ADH.