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Disease and renal abnormalities

The cause of kidney disease among others, namely:
1. Common diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, cholesterol
High, lung or tuberculosis, syphilis, malaria, hepatitis, preeclampsia,
vomiting, bleeding, and burns. These can
cause disruption of the kidney.

2. Local disease of the kidney, such disease in the filter
(glomerulus) or glomerulonephritis, infectious germs, the cyst
in the kidney, impact, shock, cancer, malignancy, and obstruction
kidney stones or tumors.

The symptoms of kidney disease can be classified into two groups,
namely:
1. Acute symptoms, such as swollen eyes, a great pain,
pain when urinating, fever, and frequent bowel
small.
2. Chronic symptoms such as weakness, no appetite, nausea, vomiting,
swelling, decreased urination, itching, shortness of breath, and
anemia.

Handling of patients with kidney disease can be done with
steps as follows:
1. Check, diagnosis or early recognition of kidney failure.
2. Control or monitor progression of renal failure.
Detection and correction of the causes of kidney failure are still
can be cured.

Regulation of levels of sodium ions (sodium)

Sodium ion (sodium) is the main electrolytes in the body
continuously expelled through urine and sweat.
Setting levels of sodium ion cells involves the adrenal cortex
(hormone aldosterone) and cells of renal tubules. Sodium ion (Sodium)
the main ions that make up the body’s electrolytes. Sodium
issued continuously through urine and sweat.

Tues specifically found in the kidney blood vessel walls play a role
osmoreceptors role as monitor levels of sodium ions in
blood. If sodium levels fall (osmolarity decreased), then the cells
the issue of changing the enzyme renin
angeiotensin angiotensinogen into angiotensin I and II.
Angiotensin II as a hormone to stimulate the cell cortex play a role
adrenal to synthesize and secrete aldosterone.

Aldosterone stimulates the cells to increase renal tubular
reabsorpi sodium in the urine so that the blood sodium levels returned
balanced (normal).

Very important role of kidneys in maintaining an atmosphere
internally to keep fit for survival in physiological processes
in the cell or the so-called homeostasis (WB Cannon). In
the human body, cells that make up the network in a
environment called the internal environment. Claude Bernard
(the French) is named the internal environment with
melieu term interieur.

Internal environment is none other than the
space between cells. Space between cells is not a room
empty, but the room is filled with fluid, thus
also space in the cell (cytoplasm).
According to Ganong (1991), the composition of our bodies most of the
is a liquid that is approximately 60%.

Fluids, based on the existence (where) can be separated into liquid
extracellular (CES) 20%, and intracellular (CIS) 40%. Liquids
extracellular fluid can be differentiated into interseluler (network)
75%, and plasma and lymph fluid 25%. For example, a person
weight 50 kg, the total body fluids about 30 L. CIS 20 L, 10 L CES, tissue fluid, and 7.5 L 2.5 and palsma fluid lymph.

Electrolyte is a substance that dissolves or decomposes into the form
ions and then the solution becomes electric conductors, ions
atoms are electrically charged. Electrolyte can be water,
acids, bases or other form of chemical compounds. Electrolyte generally
form of acid, alkali or salt. Some specific gas can be
serves as an electrolyte in certain circumstances such as the temperature
high or low pressure. Strong electrolyte acid is identical with,
bases, and salt strong.

Kidney Function

Kidney has 2 (two) main functions are:
1. Filtering the remnants metabolism of blood and fluid
out in the form of urine.
2. Maintaining a balance of water and mineral ions in the blood to
osmotic pressure of body fluids in balance.

Besides kidney also has several other additional functions as
follows:
1. Produces hormones that play a role in erythropoetin
help making red blood cells.
2. Activate vitamin D to maintain blood calcium levels
and bone health.

In accordance with its function, the kidneys occurs in processes
as follows:
1. Excretion
Excretion is the process of filtering and disposal of substances sisasisa
metabolism that is not useful to the body and are toxic.
Therefore, renal excretion is a tool. Substances Eksresi
the remnants of metabolism by the kidneys through the process of formation of water bladder mepiuti: filtration, absorption of return (reabsorsi), and
secretion.

2. Filtration
It is important to understand that the kidney function is
filter so that the blood fluid substances that are not required by
body can be disposed such as metabolic waste. Blood
filtered through the walls of the porous thin epithelium of the glomerulus
and Bowman’s capsule because of pressure from the blood
encourage blood plasma. Barlangsung filtration in the glomerulus,
where the primary urine or blood plasma ultra-filtrate is formed. In
Basically, the kidneys function to filter or clean the blood.
Renal blood flow to approximately 1.2 liters / min or 1700 liters / day.
Blood is filtered into a liquid filtrate of 120 ml / min
or 170 liters / day to the tubules. Liquid filtrate then processed in
in tubular until finally out of the two kidneys into the urine
as much as 1-2 liters / day.

Among the blood in the glomerulus and
fluid-filled space in the Bowman’s capsule there are three layers:
1. capillary endothelium cell layer of the glomerulus
2. rich layer as a membrane protein
3. layer of epithelial cells lining Bowman’s capsule (podosit)
With the help of pressure, fluid blood dalan pushed out of
glomerulus, through the third layer and into the
space in the Bowman’s capsule in the form of the glomerular filtrate.
Filtrate of blood plasma contains no blood cells or molecules
large proteins. Protein in the form of small molecules can
found in this filtrate. Human blood through the kidneys as much as
350 times each day with a rate of 1.2 liters per minute, producing 125
cc glomerular filtrate per minute. Glomerular filtration rate of these
used for diagnostic tests of kidney function.

The resulting filtrate will enter the renal tubular dalan. Blood
which has been filtered through the kidneys will leave the efferent arteries.
Both kidneys produce about 125 ml of filtrate per minute. 125 ml
diabsorsi and released into 1 ml of Calyceal as urine.
Every 24 hours was established about 1500 ml of urine.

Blood flow in both kidneys in adult numbers approximately 1.2 to 1.3 liters per minute, which means that the blood circulating in the body through the kidneys every 4 – 5 minutes.
1. Nephron, especially the proximal tubules kontortus, mereapsorbsi zatzat
in filters, which are beneficial to the body’s metabolism so that
maintaining homeostasis of internal environment. Also
move the remaining results from the blood into the tubular lumen,
issued in the urine. Tubular koligens mengabsorsi water,
that helps concentration of urine. In this way, the organism
control of water balance, fluid and osmotic intersel.
2. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure is higher than the pressure
hydrostatic in other capillaries. This pressure about 75 mmHg.
Formed glomerular filtration blood hydrostatic pressure
where the forces against the hydrostatic pressure is:
plasma colloid osmotic pressure (30 mm Hg).
Nephron function as a regulator of water and solutes (mainly
electrolyte) in the body by filtering the blood, then
mereabsorpsi fluids and molecules that the body is still needed.
Molecule and the other liquid is discarded. Reabsorption and
disposal conducted using the exchange mechanism against
current and kotranspor. The final result is then excreted
is called urine.

Kidneys maintain acidity (pH) of blood plasma in the range
7.4 through the exchange of hydronium and hydroxyl ions. As a result, urine
can be produced acid at pH 5 or alkaline at pH 8.

Controlled levels of sodium ions through a process of homeostasis
involving aldosterone to increase the absorption of ions
sodium in the tubules konvulasi.

An increase or decrease in blood osmotic pressure due to excess
or lack of water will be detected by the hypothalamus that
will give a signal to the pituitary gland with feedback negative.

Pituitary gland to secrete antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
to suppress the secretion of water resulting in changes in the level
water absorption in the kidney tubules. As a result the concentration of liquid the network will return to 98%.

Kidneys regulate the chemical composition by filtration, active Absorption, Absorption passive, and secretion. Barlangsung in glomerular filtration, which ultra filtrate of blood plasma is formed. Pasa body nephron, especially
kontortus proximal tubules, mereapsorbsi substances in the filter, which
useful to the body’s metabolism. Thus maintaining
homeostatic internal environment. Also move the rest of the results
from the blood into the tubular lumen, was issued in the urine. Tubular
koligens mengabsorsi water, which helps concentration of urine.
In this way, organisms control water balance, fluid intersel and osmotic.

Both kidneys produce about 125 ml of filtrate per minute. 125 ml
diabsorsi and released into 1 ml of Calyceal as urine.
Every 24 hours was established about 1500 ml of urine.

Blood flow in both kidneys in adult numbers
approximately 1.2 to 1.3 l per minute, which means that the blood circulating
in the body through the kidneys every 4 – 5 minutes.
Glomeruli contain capillaries arterial pressure hidrostatiknya higher than hydrostatic pressure on kapilerkapiler other. This pressure around 75 mm Hg.

Glomerular filtration formed due to the hydrostatic pressure of blood in which the forces against the hydrostatic pressure is:
1. plasma colloid osmotic pressure (30 mm Hg)
2. fluid pressure contained in the nephron tubules (10 mm Hg)
3. parenkin interstitial pressure within the kidney (10 mm Hg), which
working on the boweman capsule forwarded to fluid
kapsuler.
Hydrostatic pressure was 75 mm Hg and the total number of forces
that fight was 50 mm Hg. Style filtration generated approximately 25 mm Hg.

Excretion system

Kidney is a tool for filtering the blood so that sisasisa substances
metabolism that are toxic and can be useless
expelled from the body through urine.

These substances must be removed because it can damage the health. In addition, kidneys also play a role maintaining water balance in the body or
maintain the osmotic pressure of body fluids so that its role is
important in maintaining body condition in order to stay balanced and
dynamic (homeostasis) or the creation of healthy conditions. pee
looks foamy, yellow and smelly, the result
fluid filtration of blood by the kidneys.

Renal anatomical structure

If a kidney was cut in the middle split, then can be grouped into so-called outer cortex, and part in the so-called medulla.

Part cortex color dark chocolate brown while the medulla rather light. Kidney cortex composed of the nephron: the medulla, tubules koligens. Structure different morphology, physiology and embryology of the nephron origin most striking. Kidney lobule consists of an arrangement of the medulla
(medulla ray) with surrounding cortical tissue.

Each kidney has a ductal lobular koligens and all units of the kidney filtration
This leads into the duct. In the adult human lobes and lobule-lobule kidney is not always tied to the real.

In the medullary pyramids are formed as a is called the renal pyramids, which is a collection of channels collecting urine united to form the renal pelvis. Renal medulla consists of 10-18 conical structures
(renal pyramid). Medullary pyramid and the bottom edges of
are in the cortex zone and prominent peak called renal papilla.

Calyceal-Calyceal united to form the pelvic kidney
is part of a widen uteter. Surface papillae kidney penetrated by holes 10-12 estuary duct koligens forming area cribrosa (kibrosa area). Basic pyramid medulla composed of parallel tubular 400-500 long-tubules are
parallel (Medullary rays), through the cortex. Each spinal rays
koligens consists of a straight duct is surrounded by many
nephron tubule is parallel to the filtration unit of the kidney.

Kidneys

In our bodies there is a pair of kidneys located on the bottom
liver and spleen, on the right and left of the spine
exactly back around the thoracic vertebrae (T) number 12
to the lumbar (L) number 3.

The two kidneys are located on the back membrane lining the abdomen called the peritoneum. Right kidney usually located slightly below the left kidney because of urgency by heart. Because of its location, then if there is interference kidney or kidney pain symptoms will be felt at the waist
so that ordinary people are saying back pain.

An adult kidney has approximately the size of the following length 11 cm, 5 cm thick, and weighs 150 grams. Kidneys humans have a shape like a bean seed with the curve of the facing inwards is called the hilum. Hilum is the place in arteries and nerves, also out of veins and ureter. Kidney veiled by a thin tissue called the capsule renal (kidney capsule). In the layer attached
layer of fat that helps stick kidney function the abdominal cavity wall and reduce the impact.

On top of the kidneys is an adrenal gland or suprarenal gland is also called
(supra = above, ren = kidney).