Renal anatomical structure
If a kidney was cut in the middle split, then can be grouped into so-called outer cortex, and part in the so-called medulla.
Part cortex color dark chocolate brown while the medulla rather light. Kidney cortex composed of the nephron: the medulla, tubules koligens. Structure different morphology, physiology and embryology of the nephron origin most striking. Kidney lobule consists of an arrangement of the medulla
(medulla ray) with surrounding cortical tissue.
Each kidney has a ductal lobular koligens and all units of the kidney filtration
This leads into the duct. In the adult human lobes and lobule-lobule kidney is not always tied to the real.
In the medullary pyramids are formed as a is called the renal pyramids, which is a collection of channels collecting urine united to form the renal pelvis. Renal medulla consists of 10-18 conical structures
(renal pyramid). Medullary pyramid and the bottom edges of
are in the cortex zone and prominent peak called renal papilla.
Calyceal-Calyceal united to form the pelvic kidney
is part of a widen uteter. Surface papillae kidney penetrated by holes 10-12 estuary duct koligens forming area cribrosa (kibrosa area). Basic pyramid medulla composed of parallel tubular 400-500 long-tubules are
parallel (Medullary rays), through the cortex. Each spinal rays
koligens consists of a straight duct is surrounded by many
nephron tubule is parallel to the filtration unit of the kidney.
Kidneys
In our bodies there is a pair of kidneys located on the bottom
liver and spleen, on the right and left of the spine
exactly back around the thoracic vertebrae (T) number 12
to the lumbar (L) number 3.
The two kidneys are located on the back membrane lining the abdomen called the peritoneum. Right kidney usually located slightly below the left kidney because of urgency by heart. Because of its location, then if there is interference kidney or kidney pain symptoms will be felt at the waist
so that ordinary people are saying back pain.
An adult kidney has approximately the size of the following length 11 cm, 5 cm thick, and weighs 150 grams. Kidneys humans have a shape like a bean seed with the curve of the facing inwards is called the hilum. Hilum is the place in arteries and nerves, also out of veins and ureter. Kidney veiled by a thin tissue called the capsule renal (kidney capsule). In the layer attached
layer of fat that helps stick kidney function the abdominal cavity wall and reduce the impact.
On top of the kidneys is an adrenal gland or suprarenal gland is also called
(supra = above, ren = kidney).
Jejunum
Jejunum is the second part of the intestine
smooth, which lies between the intestine of twelve fingers and intestines
absorption (ileum). In adult humans, the length of
empty intestine approximately 1-2 meters.
Surface in empty intestines of mucous membranes and intestines are flakes
(villi), which extend the surface of the intestine. To penyeraoan
essence of food.
Intestinal absorption
Intestinal absorption (ileum) is the last part of the small intestine.
In adult humans, the length of the intestinal absorption
approximately 2-4 meters.
Ileum has acidity (pH) between 7 and 8 (neutral or slightly alkaline) and functioning absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts. Jejunum and
ileum is the absorption of nutrients. Process
absorption (absorption) of food substances include diffusion, osmosis,
and active transport.
1. Monosaccharides and amino acids through a diffusion mechanism
facilitation.
2. Fatty acids by normal diffusion mechanism.
3. Vitamin through normal diffusion mechanism.
4. Water through the mechanism of diffusion and osmosis.
5. Electrolytes and minerals through a diffusion mechanism, and
active transport.
Duodenum (Duodenal) is part of the small intestine
located after the stomach and connecting it to the intestines
empty (jejunum). Duodenum is part
the shortest of the small intestine. In the duodenal mucosa are
Brunneri glands that produce mucus play a role.
In the duodenum there is the estuary of the bile ducts (ductal
bile communis) and pancreatic duct (pancreatic duct)
which coalesce into hepatopankreatika duct. Liquids
bile from the gall bladder out through the duct
koledokus. Pancreatic fluid through the pancreatic duct (duct
pancreatic).
Therefore, the duodenum is the place
digesting food perfectly into particles
extracts prepared food is absorbed by the intestinal mucosa.
Duodenal surface forming folds called
tuft intestine, among the folds of the cells are Kripta
Lieberkuhn produce enzymes that act enterokinase.
Enterokinase role tripsinogen be activated trypsin.
Tues sekretori intestine mucosa secrete fluid
contains digestive enzymes as follows:
1. Disakaridase, play hydrolyze disaccharides into
monosaccharides. Distinguished into maltase, lactase, and
sukrase.
2. Peptidase, role hydrolyze polypeptides and
dipeptida into amino acids.
3. Intestinal lipase, hydrolyze fats contribute to acid
fat and glycerol.
In the mucosa (wall of) the small intestine are often found
lymph nodes (lymph node) for the defense of the body
called Peyer’s paths.
Small intestine divided into 3 parts of the duodenum, jejunum,
and ileum. In adult humans, the length of the entire small intestine
between 2-8 meters.
The duodenum is where the digestive
food perfectly into particles of food extracts
is ready to be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa. Jejunum and ileum
is the absorption of food juices.
Gastric disorders
Maag (ulser or ulcers) caused by the secretion
stomach acid (HCl) is excessive or bacterial infection.
Symptoms of ulcer disease are as follows: bloating,
pain, like burning. At first experts thought that
digestive disorders or intestinal ulcers that would not go
recovery was due to too much smoking, drinking alcohol, the pattern
life and the wrong diet. Later, it
ulcer disease that affects so many people
associated with the bacteria Helicobacter pylorii.
Bacteria to survive because they have the ability
change the situation a suitable environment for him. Bacteria
no effect on ulcer drugs used. Results
study states the bacteria play a role in disease
gastrointestinal ulcers, especially in the stomach and duodenum.
Growth and reproduction of bacteria Helicobacter
pylori in the digestive and the consumption of certain drugs
can weaken the wall of the stomach and duodenum, so
stomach acid can irritate the organ and will
trigger ulcers.
Stomach
Stomach is a part of the digestive tract is dilated
shaped like a pouch. Serves to accommodate the hull,
menyampur, and digesting food. Food after passing
esophagus into the stomach will then be
stimulates the release of the hormone gastrin. Gastrin hormones play
stimulates the secretion of gastric acid (HCl) and pepsinogen.
Next Pepsinogen is activated by stomach acid into
enzyme pepsin. Thus, the food during his stay in
stomach will chemically digested by stomach acid and
enzyme pepsin.
Stomach can be divided into sections:
1. Cardia, which borders part of the esophagus.
2. Fundus, the part that contains the gas.
3. Corpus, is a major part of food yng
semi-liquid or in the form of porridge.
4. Antrum, part of which serves to accommodate the porridge
food (kim).
5. Pylorus, which borders part of the duodenum, is limited
by muscle sfinger pilori (spinchter pilorii).
Gastric mucous layer is not a surface
flat, but many times over. In the gastric mucosa more
There digestive gland.
1. At the cardia and pylorus are glands that
produces mucus to protect the mucosal surface
the stomach from stomach acid work.
2. I n the corpus there are glands that is composed of:
- the role of parietal produce HCl.
- the role peptic produce pepsinogen.
- the role of mucus producing mucus
Gastric fluid containing various compounds:
1. Mucus
2. Stomach acid (HCl) is a clear liquid that is
as a strong acid, acidity (pH) 1-1.5.
3. Proenzim pepsinogen (not active).
4. Rennin an enzyme which is found in the stomach of calves (pedet)
to agglomerate milk.
5. Gastrium lipase, to convert fats into fatty acids
and glycerol.
Role of gastric acid (HCl), among others:
1. Activate pepsinogen (proenzim) to pepsin (enzyme
active) that act to break protein into polypeptides
simple.
2. Mendenaturasi (damage) protein
3. Kill bacteria.
4. Giving acidity (pH) is suitable for the initial digestion
protein.
5. Stimulate bile and pancreatic fluid.
Thus, digestion in the stomach limited to
protein, very little fat, and carbohydrates. In the stomach occurred
absorption of certain substances such as alcohol, and drugs.
Food after passing the stomach into the form of porridge
food or kim (chyme) and with encouragement from the muscle
kim stomach to the intestines are encouraged to twelve fingers (the duodenum).
Pharyngeal
Pharynx (Latin language = pharynx) or the base of the esophagus
a cross between respiratory tract and
digestion. In humans the pharynx is also used as part
of tools for making a sound like noise, sounds, or
sing.
Esophagus
Throat or esophagus (the Latin = esophagus)
a long channel connecting the muscular cavity
mouth to the stomach. At the boundary between the esophagus with
There sfinger esofagi stomach (esophagii sphincter) that
works arranged for the food that had entered the
stomach did not return to the esophagus. Food as it passes
encouraged to use the throat muscles of movement
esophagus, called peristalsis.
Palate
The ceiling (in Latin = palate) is located on the wall above
(roof) the oral cavity. The ceiling can be divided into 2
part of the hard palate (palate durum) which limits
the oral cavity with the nasal cavity and soft palate
(palate mole) which limit the oral cavity with the pharynx
Salivary gland
At the mouth of the estuary there are glands salivary
(salivary glands) that are all around the mouth. Salivary gland
based on the location and size can be categorized into 3
pairs, ie from the largest size to smallest are:
1. Parotid glands located in front of the ear and the estuary
on the upper gums.
2. Glands mandibularis (submaksilaris) which is located near the
the mandible (lower jaw) and its mouth under the tongue.
3. Sublingualis gland located at the bottom of the mouth and
its mouth under the tongue.
Salivary glands produce saliva role. Saliva
composed of a dilute fluid (serous) and mucus. Saliva
contains an enzyme called amylase or ptyalin. Amylase
changing role of starch (starch) into simple sakarida.
Settings involving saliva spending 2 kinds of nerve
namely:
1. Parasympathetic nerves stimulate salivation by
salivary glands.
2. Sympathetic nerves inhibits salivation by
salivary glands.
Tongue (Latin=lingua) consists of a collection of fibers
striated muscle, which diselaputi by mucous membrane structure
varies depending on the place. On the surface of the tongue
there are small bumps called papillae of the tongue.
Some form of tongue papillae, among others:
1. Filiformis is shaped protrusion konus,
very much and have the entire surface of the tongue.
In this type of epithelial papillae do not contain soy nipple
(taste).
2. Fungiformis a protrusion with small stems and
a broad surface shaped like a mushroom. These papillae
contains the sense of taste on the side surface of the
and there on the sidelines of the papilla filiformis.
3. Foliatum is a very dense projection
along the edge of the rear side of the tongue. These papillae
contain sensitive nipples.
4. Sirkum valatum is a very large papillae
the other papillae covering the surface. In the
back of the tongue. Many serous glands (von Ebner) and
mucosal secretory flow into the hollow
which is megelilingi papilla. Putting ketchup many sides papilla
it.